Biological characteristics of three Cossidae pests on Macadamia ternifolia F.Muell.

Objective The paper aimed to find out the major Cossidae pests on Macadamia ternifolia F.Muell.in Guangxi and then study on their life histories and living habits to provide reference for the monitoring and prevention and control of these pests.Method Investigation on Cossidae pests in main M..ternifolia orchards by setting the fixed standard points in Guangxi from March,2014 to December,2016 was conducted.Meanwhile,the researchers collected the overwintering larvae of these pests on M.ternifolia during the first ten days in March and the first ten days in April as the first generation,fed the first generation pests in the laboratory to obtained the second and the third generation,then observed the living habits of them and drew up annual life history combining field research.ResultArbela dea Swinboe and A.baibarana Matsumura had one generation per year in Guangxi.The former overwintered as the mature larvae which pupated during the second ten days in March to the last ten days in May.Uith pupa stage of 15-25 days.Adults emerged from the first ten days in April to the first ten days in June,larvae started hatching near the second ten days in April.The latter overwintered as old larvae which pupated during the first ten days in April to the last ten days in May with pupa stage of 20 days.Adults emerged from the last ten days in April to last ten days in June,larvae started hatching in the first ten days in May.Zeuzers coffeae Niether had two generations per year in Guangxi and it overwintered as old larvae of the second gencration which pupated during the second ten days in March to the first ten days in May.Its pupa stage was 15-20 days.Adults of the first generation emerged from the first ten days in April to the first ten days in June,while the second generation emerged from the second ten days in August to the first ten days in October.Larvae of the first generation started hatching in the second ten days in April,while the second generation started hatching late August.ConclusionA.dea,A.baibarana and Z.coffeae are the major Cossidae pests for M.ternifolia in Guangxi,their larvae damage M.ternifolia trunk and they are difficult to control.The main methods of prevention and control are pruning pest shoot,brushing trunks and filling holes with pesticide,trapping adults and using natural enemies.