Abstract: 【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the effects of black ground fabric mulching on the soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere soil bacterial community in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. orchards， thereby providing theoretical basis for the application of black ground fabric in field cultivation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. 【Method】 The peony cultivar Paeonia lactiflora Shanhuluori was used as the test material. Two treatments were set up： open-field cultivation （control） and black ground fabric mulching. Soil samples were collected using the ring knife method to determine soil physicochemical indicators from January to December in 2022. Furthermore， 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze the structure and diversity of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil. 【Result】 Black ground fabric mulching had certain regulatory effect on both soil temperature and moisture. Compared with the control， it significantly reduced soil temperature from June to August， with a decrease ranging from 3.77% to 4.26%； while in the other months， it increased soil temperature by 4.42% to 21.95%. Soil moisture was consistently higher than that of the control throughout the year from January to December， with an increase ranging from 2.97% to 535.67%. Furthermore， black ground fabric mulching decreased soil pH， soil bulk density， and soil compactness， while increasing soil electrical conductivity （EC） and soil porosity. Venn diagram analysis showed that the number of bacterial OTU in the rhizosphere soil under black ground fabric mulching was 4906， which was 3.8% higher than that of control. Analysis of the bacterial community structure at the phylum， class， and order levels revealed that black ground fabric mulching generally increased the relative abundance of the bacterial community. Specifically， at the phylum level， Verrucomicrobiota exhibited the largest increase， increased by 118.96% compared with control， while Acidobacteriota showed the smallest increase， increased by 0.45% compared with control. At the class level， Nitrospira showed the largest increase， increased by 21.48% compared with control， and Gamma proteobacteria showed the smallest increase， increased by 3.37% compared with control. At the order level， Nitrosomonadales showed the largest increase， increased by 36.06% compared with control， and Myxococcales showed the smallest increase， increased by 4.19% compared with control. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that the ACE index， Chao1 index， Shannon index， and Simpson index under black ground fabric mulching were all higher than those of control. Beta diversity analysis and PCoA analysis demonstrated that the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure under black ground fabric mulching was greatly different from that of control. 【Conclusion】 Black ground fabric mulching can improve the soil physicochemical properties of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. orchards and increase the relative abundance of rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Therefore， it is worthy of promotion and application in the field cultivation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.