不同原料和加工工艺的龙团凤饼茶品质分析

Quality analysis of the Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cake made by different raw materials and processing technologies

  • 摘要: 【目的】 比较分析不同品种、不同嫩度和不同加工工艺制成的龙团凤饼茶风味品质和代谢物差异,探究其制作原料的多样性,为龙团凤饼茶加工工艺创新与优化提供理论参考。【方法】 以梅占和矮脚乌龙2个品种的单芽、1芽 1叶和1芽2叶鲜叶为原料,经不同加工工艺制成龙团凤饼茶,采用感官审评和非靶向代谢组学方法对其进行品质和代谢物分析。【结果】 感官审评结果表明,不同品种制成的龙团凤饼茶感官审评总分无显著差异(P>0.05,下同),梅占品种的沫饽滋味较浓郁醇厚,而矮脚乌龙品种的茶粉色泽和沫饽持久度更佳。2个品种的1芽1叶和1芽2叶制成的龙团凤饼茶感官审评总分均显著高于单芽(P<0.05,下同)。在制茶过程中分别简化洗茶和榨茶工艺后,沫饽色泽与细腻度更佳,滋味较浓醇爽滑,感官审评总分均显著高于传统工艺。在研茶时加水处理后,沫饽持久度较好,但会出现水焖味。代谢组学结果显示,在龙团凤饼茶茶粉中检测出1123种代谢物,其中苯丙酸类和聚酮化合物、脂质和类脂分子化合物占比较高,分别为22.80%和21.64%;在沫饽中检测出498种代谢物,其中苯丙酸类和聚酮化合物、脂质和类脂分子化合物占比较高,均达10.00%以上。从不同品种的茶粉与沫饽样品中分别筛选出12种和9种滋味差异代谢物;从不同嫩度、不同加工工艺的茶粉样品中均筛选出12种滋味差异代谢物。在茶粉中,矮脚乌龙的没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素和杨梅素3-O-半乳糖苷含量显著降低,而可可碱含量显著升高;2个品种单芽样品的没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素和谷氨酸含量均显著低于1芽1叶和1芽2叶。与传统工艺制成的龙团凤饼茶茶粉相比,省略洗茶工序的龙团凤饼茶可可碱含量显著升高,杨梅素3-O-半乳糖苷和谷氨酸含量显著降低;研茶时加入适量清水制成的龙团凤饼茶中没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、芦丁、杨梅素3-O-半乳糖苷和谷氨酸含量显著升高;省略榨茶工序的龙团凤饼茶滋味物质含量无显著变化。在沫饽中,矮脚乌龙的槲皮素3-O-芸香糖苷、杨梅素3-O-半乳糖苷、鞣花酸、柯里拉京和硬脂酰胺含量上调;1芽1叶和1芽2叶制成的龙团凤饼茶中棕榈酰胺和可可碱含量均低于单芽;研茶时加入适量清水制成的龙团凤饼茶差异代谢物含量大部分上调,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、(+)-表没食子儿茶素、杨梅素3-O-半乳糖苷及槲皮素3-O-芸香糖苷等多酚类物质含量增加。【结论】 梅占和矮脚乌龙2个品种均可作为龙团凤饼茶适制原料;原料嫩度可不局限于单芽,拓展至1芽1叶和1芽2叶原料仍能保持良好的加工适应性;洗茶与榨茶工序对成品茶品质无显著影响,将其省略有助于简化工艺流程、提高生产效率,即采用“采茶→蒸茶→研茶→造茶→过黄”工艺路径更符合现代生产需求。

     

    Abstract: 【Objective】 This study aimed to compare and analyze the differences in taste and metabolites of Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cake of different varieties, tenderness and processing technologies to investigate the diversity of its raw materials, so as to provide a theoretical reference for innovating and optimizing the processing technologies of Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cake.【Method】 Fresh leaves of single bud, one bud and one leaf, and one bud and two leaves of Meizhan and Aijiao Oolong varieties were taken as raw materials to make Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes to analyze their metabolites and quality via non-targeted metabolomics and tea sensory evaluation.【Result】 The tea sensory evaluation showed that no significant differences were found in the total scores of sensory evaluation for Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes made from different tea varieties (P>0.05, the same below); the tea cakes made from Meizhan variety had a stronger and mellower taste, while the tea cakes made from Aijiao Oolong variety showed better color and luster of tea powder and foam persistence. Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes made from one bud and one leaf, and one bud and two leaves of the two varieties showed significantly higher total scores of sensory evaluation than tea cakes made from single buds (P<0.05, the same below). After simplifying tea washing and squeezing respectively during tea making, the tea cakes showed better color, luster, and fineness of tea foam, and a stronger, mellower, fresher, and smoother taste profile, with higher total scores of sensory evaluation compared to those made by traditional technologies. Adding water during the grinding step brought more persistent tea foam, but also a stuffy taste of water. Metabolomics results showed that: 1123 metabolites were detected in the tea powder of Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes, in which the proportions of phenylpropionic acids and polyketides, as well as lipids and lipid-like compounds were relatively high, accounting for 22.80% and 21.64%, respectively; 498 metabolites were detected in their tea foams, in which the proportions of phenylpropionic acids and polyketides, as well as lipids and lipid-like compounds were relatively high, accounting for more than 10.00%. From tea powder and foam of different tea varieties, 12 and 9 differential metabolites of taste were screened; from tea powder of different tenderness and processing technologies, 12 differential metabolites of taste were screened. In tea powder of Aijiao Oolong, contents of gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and myricetin 3-O-galactoside significantly decreased, while theobromine content significantly increased; the contents of gallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and glutamic acid were significantly lower in single bud samples of the two varieties compared to samples of one bud and one leaf and one bud and two leaves. Compared with the Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes made by traditional processing technologies, skipping tea washing led to a significantly higher theobromine content and significantly higher lower contents of myricetin 3-O-galactoside and glutamic acid; adding proper portions of water when grinding tea, the contents of gallocate-chin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, rutin, myricetin 3-O-galactoside, and glutamic acid in the tea cakes significantly increased; no significant change in taste substances was found in tea cakes without the squee-zing process. In the tea foam of Aijiao Oolong, the contents of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, myricetin 3-O-galactoside, ellagic acid, corilagin, and octadecanamide were elevated; the contents of palmitamide and theobromine in tea cakes in one bud and one leaf and one bud and two leaves were lower than those in single buds; the tea cakes added with proper portions of water when grinding exhibited up-regulation in contents of most differential metabolites, and increased contents of polyphenols including epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-epigallocatechin, myricetin 3-O-galactoside, and of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside.【Conclusion】 Two varieties, Meizhan and Aijiao Oolong, are suitable raw materials for producing Dragon and Phoenix Tea Cakes. The tenderness that fits processing , not limited to single bud, can be expanded to one bud and one leaf and one bud and two leaves. Tea washing and tea squeezing have no significant effects on tea quality, so skipping these two processes is good for simplifying processing technologies, enhancing production efficiency. Therefore, the pathway of processing technologies of harvesting→steaming→grinding→molding→yellowing is more suitable for modern production demand.

     

/

返回文章
返回