Abstract: Hevea brasiliensis is the primary source of natural rubber. The breeding of new cultivars serves as the core foundation supporting the development of the rubber industry， which is strategically vital to secure and strengthen the supply of natural rubber， safeguard national defense， and support economic sustainable development. However， long and inefficient traditional breeding cycles call for modern biotechnology to accelerate the selection and breeding of new cultivars. Quantitative trait locus （QTL） mapping is one of the important research methods for the modern biotechnological breeding system. This study systematically reviewed the research progress， problems， and countermeasures in rubber tree QTL research. The construction of genetic maps has evolved from early low-resolution maps based on markers such as restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）， amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP）， and simple sequence repeats （SSR） to high-density maps of single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers. The number of markers increased from hundreds to tens of millions，and the average map distance was reduced from the 10 cM level to the 0.01 cM level， laying a solid foundation for the precise localization of QTLs. Numerous QTLs for important agronomic traits were mapped， and functional genes were identified in some studies. For growth traits， major-effect QTLs and candidate genes （such as the gibberellin receptor gene HbGID1） were identified. For the core yield traits， QTL mapping and genome-wide association studies （GWAS） identified multiple loci that explained significant phenotypic variation and screened candidate genes involved in pathways such as sugar transport and metabolism， and ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction. Furthermore， QTL intervals related to the number of laticifer rings， latex physiological parameters （such as sucrose content and inorganic phosphorus content）， and disease resistance traits （e.g.， South American leaf blight， Corynespora leaf fall disease） were mapped， preliminarily revealing their genetic basis. However， several constraints hindered further progress of in-depth investigation， including long population construction cycles， complex phenotypic evaluation， inconsistent reference genomes， and low efficiency in validating candidate genes. To solve these problems， corresponding strategies were proposed， such as constructing large-scale populations， integrating high-throughput phenotyping technologies， unifying the telomere-to-telomere reference genome， and optimizing genetic transformation systems. With the deep integration of multi-omics technologies and modern biotechnology， QTL research in rubber trees will acce-lerate the transition from locus discovery to the new stage of gene function analysis and molecular design breeding. These advances will provide strong scientific support for developing high-yielding， high-quality， and stress-resistant cultivars， thereby ensuring the national security of natural rubber supply.