不同土壤类型水肥互作对玉米光合生理特性和产量的影响

Effects of water-fertilizer interaction in different soil types on photosynthetic physiological characteristics and yield of maize

  • 摘要: 【目的】研究不同土壤类型水肥互作对玉米光合生理特性及产量的影响,为黄淮海地区玉米种植中因土施肥和灌溉及资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用空间位移法,基于多年的土壤和肥料池栽定位试验,采用随机区组设计,设土壤类型、水分和施肥3个主处理,土壤设3种类型(砂姜黑土、砂壤潮土、中壤潮土),水分设2个梯度(干旱、灌溉),施肥设3个梯度(不施肥、中肥和高肥)。测定玉米主要生育期的叶面积指数,吐丝期测定玉米的光合和生理指标,成熟期测定干物质积累量及产量指标,并对玉米叶片光合参数、生理指标及产量指标进行相关分析,同时筛选不同土壤类型水肥互作下的最优处理组合。【结果】不同土壤类型在不同水肥条件下的玉米叶面积指数、光合特性、生理特性、植株物质积累和籽粒产量均存在差异。不同水分条件下进行灌溉对玉米光合特性和籽粒产量的影响不同。不施肥条件下,砂姜黑土、砂壤潮土和中壤潮土灌溉处理的玉米叶面积指数、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和叶片光合速率分别比干旱处理平均增加30.1%、11.8%和15.8%,植株总干重平均增加19.7%,籽粒产量平均增加21.0%;中肥条件下,玉米叶面积指数、SPAD值和叶片光合速率分别比干旱处理平均增加22.3%、22.7%和33.5%,植株总干重平均增加41.8%,籽粒产量平均增加36.6%;高肥条件下,玉米叶面积指数、SPAD值和叶片光合速率分别比干旱处理平均增加16.0%、29.2%和40.7%,植株总干重平均增加53.9%,籽粒产量平均增加47.1%。不同水分条件下进行施肥对玉米光合特性和籽粒产量的影响也不同。干旱条件下,中肥和高肥处理的玉米叶面积指数分别比不施肥处理平均增加24.4%和39.8%,SPAD值分别平均增加23.6%和31.0%,叶片光合速率分别平均增加21.0%和26.3%,植株总干重分别平均增加33.7%和41.5%,籽粒产量分别平均增加46.2%和57.0%;灌溉条件下,中肥和高肥处理的玉米叶面积指数分别比不施肥处理平均增加16.9%和24.6%,SPAD值分别平均增加35.4%和51.7%,叶片光合速率分别平均增加39.2%和53.3%,植株总干重分别平均增加58.4%和82.4%,籽粒产量分别平均增加65.1%和91.3%。不同处理中,砂壤潮土高肥灌溉处理的玉米籽粒产量最高,比同种土壤类型不施肥干旱处理增产186.1%。相关分析结果表明,玉米叶片光合参数与干物质重、籽粒产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),且3种土壤类型规律基本一致。3个主处理的效应分析结果显示,在土壤×水分×肥料互作效应中,以砂壤潮土×灌溉×高肥组合最优。【结论】不同土壤类型水肥互作均提高了玉米叶片光合特性,增强了叶片生理特性,增加了植株物质积累,进而提高籽粒产量。基础肥力较低的砂壤潮土应增量施肥,培肥地力,遇旱及时灌溉,保持充足水分供应,提高土壤生产能力;基础肥力较高的砂姜黑土和中壤潮土应适量施肥,充分利用土壤养分,同时保持适宜水分供应,提高资源利用效率。

     

    Abstract: 【Objective】To study the effects of water-fertilizer interaction in different soil types on the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and yield of maize, which could provide theoretical basis for soil-specific fertilization and irrigation as well as efficient utilization of resources in maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Method】The spatial displacement method was adopted. Based on years of soil and fertilizer pool planting positioning experiments, a random block design was used. Three main treatments, namely soil type, moisture and fertilization, were set up. Three types of soil were set(lime concretion black soil, sandy fluvo-aquic soil and clay fluvo-aquic soil). Two gradients of moisture were set(drought and irrigation), and three gradients of fertilization were set(no fertilization, medium fertilization and high fertilization). The leaf area index of maize was determined during the main growth period, the photosynthetic and physiological indicators of maize were measured during the silking period, and the dry matter accumulation and yield indicators were determined during the maturity period. Correlation analysis was conducted on the photosynthetic parameters of maize leaves, physiological indicators and yield indicators. Meanwhile, the optimal treatment combinations under the water-fertilizer interaction in different soil types were screened. 【Result】There were differences in leaf area index,photosynthetic characteristics, physiological characteristics,plant material accumulation and grain yield of maize among different soil types under different water-fertilizer conditions. The effects of irrigation under different water conditions on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize were different. Under the condition of no fertilization,the leaf area index,chlorophyll relative content(SPAD value) and leaf photosynthetic rate of maize under irrigation in lime concretion black soil,sandy fluvo-aquic soil and clay fluvo-aquic soil increased by 30.1%,11.8%,and 15.8% on average respectively compared to drought treatment. The total dry weight of plants increased by 19.7% on average,and the grain yield increased by 21.0% on average. Under medium fertilization condition,the leaf area index,SPAD value and leaf photosynthetic rate of maize increased by 22.3%,22.7% and 33.5% on average respectively compared to drought treatment, the total dry matter dry weight of the plant increased by 41.8% on average,and the grain yield increased by 36.6% on average. Under high fertilization condition,the leaf area index,SPAD value and leaf photosynthetic rate of maize increased by 16.0%,29.2%,and 40.7% on average respectively compared to drought treatment, the total dry matter dry weight of the plant increased by 53.9% on average,and the grain yield increased by 47.1% on average. The effects of fertilization under different moisture conditions on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize were also different. Under drought conditions,the leaf area index of maize treated with medium fertilization and high fertilization increased by 24.4% and 39.8% on average,the SPAD value increased by 23.6% and 31.0% on average,the leaf photosynthetic rate increased by 21.0% and 26.3% on average,the total dry weight of plants increased by 33.7% and 41.5% on average,and the grain yield increased by 46.2% and 57.0% on average respectively compared to the no fertilization treatment. Under irrigation conditions, the leaf area index of maize treated with medium fertilization and high fertilization increased by 16.9% and 24.6% on average,SPAD values increased by 35.4% and 51.7% on average,leaf photosynthetic rates increased by 39.2% and 53.3% on average,total dry weight of plants increased by 58.4% and 82.4% on average,and grain yield increased by 65.1% and 91.3% on average respectively compared to the no fertilization treatment. Among different treatments in this experiment,the maize grain yield was the highest in the lime concretion black soil high fertilization irrigation treatment, it increased yield by 186.1% compared with the same soil type under drought treatment without fertilization. Correlation analysis indicated that there were extremely significantly and positively correlation between the photosynthetic parameters of maize leaves,dry matter weight and grain yield(P<0.01),and the patterns of the 3 soil types were basically consistent. The results of the effect analysis of the 3 main treatments showed that among the soil×water×fertilizer interaction effects, the combination of sandy fluvo-aquic soil×irrigation×high fertilization was the best. 【Conclusion】The water-fertilizer interaction in different soil types improves the leaf photosynthetic characteristics,enhances the leaf physiological characteristics,increases plant material accumulation and grain yield of maize. The sandy fluvo-aquic soil with low basic fertility should be fertilized incrementally,fertilized,irrigated in time in case of drought,maintain adequate water supply,and improve soil productivity;the lime concretion black soil and clay fluvo-aquic soil with high basic fertility should be properly fertilized to make full use of soil nutrients,while maintaining appropriate water supply and improving resource utilization efficiency.

     

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