Abstract: 【Objective】The effects of different planting patterns on soil physicochemical properties and the diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for exploring reasonable and effective strategies to reduce the continuous cropping obstacles of T. kirilowii. 【Method】Continuous cropping(control),continuous cropping-tillage-planting new seedlings and T. kirilowii-rice rotation were set to determine and compare the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure and diversity. The correlation between soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure was also explored by canonical correlation analysis. 【Result】Under T. kirilowii-rice rotation and continuous cropping-tillage-planting new seedlings, contents of organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus in the rhizosphere of T. kirilowii were significantly higher than control(P<0.05, the same below). The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that continuous cropping-tillage-planting new seedlings pattern could significantly increase the diversity and abundance of bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil,but abundance and diversity of fungal community was not significantly different from control(P>0.05), and the relative abundance of important pathogenic fungi(Stagonosporopsis and Colletotrichum)remained at a high level. T. kirilowii-rice rotation could significantly reduce the abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities and the relative abundance of harmful fungi(Stagonosporopsis and Colletotrichum). The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that there were obvious differences in soil microbial communities under different planting patterns. The contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus, total potassium,alkaline nitrogen,available potassium and available phosphorus could significantly affect the distribution of bacterial and fungal species in the rhizosphere soil of T. kirilowii. 【Conclusion】T. kirilowii-rice rotation can increase soil quality,reduce the abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities,and reduce the relative abundance of harmful fungi. The planting patterns is superior to continuous cropping-tillage-planting new seedlings in reducing the continuous cropping obstacles of T. kirilowii.