Abstract: ObjectiveStructure optimization of agricultural products trade between China and the countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt was studied in order to provide reference for the enhancement of trade relations among the coun-tries.MethodBased on trade intensity index,the optimal order sample classification and trade specialization index, structure optimization of agricultural products trade between China and main countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt was discussed from the perspectives of trade market structure,trade product structure and trade pattern optimization.Re-sultThe potential in structure optimization of agricultural products trade was huge between China and main countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt. Based on trade intensity index,growth speed of exports and imports and trade cost of the countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt,China and the countries could optimize trade structure and achieve mu-tual benefit and win-win,thus led to sound coupling effects on development.SuggestionChina should accurately choose market positioning and target market,and according to the actual situation,realize the diversification in the target market of agricultural products. The policy support system on agricultural products should be improved and the export capacity should be strengthened so as to strive for large profit margins. Trade pattern should be optimized due to the endowment of agricultural resources.